Importing lithium batteries from the UK involves various certifications whether by air, sea or road. If you want to ship lithium batteries there are many laws and regulations to ensure the safety of the transporter.
There are many factors to consider when determining what packaging and method should be used when transporting lithium-ion batteries. These are governed by a number of UN regulations (particularly UN3480, UN 3481 and UN3090) as well as rules set by various transport agencies (including IATA – International Air Transport Association).
This guide gives you a clear idea of what you need.
Lithium-ion Battery Packaging: Strict Regulations
The packaging of lithium-ion batteries is strictly regulated by various regulations, including UN3480, UN3481, and specific IATA rules. Understanding these regulations can be quite complex. This guide aims to provide you with a clear understanding of the requirements for safely transporting lithium-ion batteries. If you have any specific questions, you can also find a list of our FAQs about lithium battery packaging.
1. What is a Lithium Battery?
Lithium batteries are used as a power source for various products. They are widely used in products such as electric vehicles, power tools, and mobile phones.
Lithium batteries are generally divided into two categories: lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries.
- Lithium Metal Batteries: These batteries are non-rechargeable and contain metallic lithium. They have a higher energy density compared to other non-rechargeable batteries and are commonly used in devices like calculators, hearing aids, pacemakers, and watches. These devices typically require less frequent battery replacement or charging.
- Lithium-ion Batteries: This is a newer rechargeable technology. Unlike lithium metal batteries, they do not contain metallic lithium but still maintain a high energy density. They are widely used in smartphones, golf cart battery, Rv battery, Forklifting battery, tablets, laptops, and other portable electronic devices. While they are considered more stable and safer than lithium metal batteries, they still pose significant risks.
2. The Problem with Lithium-ion Batteries
Transporting lithium-ion batteries is a critical issue because these batteries can be very dangerous. In fact, they are classified as dangerous goods due to the risks they pose. There have been several unexplained plane crashes linked to lithium batteries igniting in flight. Notable examples include:
- Asiana 747 near South Korea (July 2011)
- UPS 747 in Dubai, UAE (September 2010)
- UPS DC-8 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (February 2006)
These fires are often caused by battery short circuits. This is why specialized packaging designed for lithium batteries, such as Zarges aluminum battery cases, is crucial for containing potential fire hazards. Without proper protection, lithium batteries can short-circuit, potentially creating dangerous situations.
Lithium Batteries and the Risks They Pose
Lithium batteries are known for their ability to store a large amount of energy in a compact, lightweight form, making them ideal for a variety of applications. However, these batteries also present inherent risks, especially when mishandled or damaged. One of the primary risks is a phenomenon known as thermal runaway. If a battery’s internal circuitry is damaged, it can lead to an increase in the battery’s internal temperature. When the internal temperature reaches a critical level, the battery cells begin to vent hot gases, which in turn raises the temperature of adjacent cells. This chain reaction can ultimately lead to ignition and fire.
This poses a significant safety concern, especially when large quantities of lithium batteries are being transported, particularly by air. A minor issue with even a single battery can trigger an uncontrollable fire, necessitating extreme caution during handling, storage, and transport. As a result, they are classified as dangerous goods and must be managed in accordance with regulations set forth in UN3480 and other supporting standards.
Affected Products Using Lithium Batteries
Lithium batteries are also receiving increased attention because of their widespread use in various products. These batteries are commonly found in electric vehicles, e-bikes, power tools, mobile phones, and a wide range of consumer electronics, from laptops to children’s toys. Their superior performance, lightweight nature, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness make them an attractive choice for manufacturers.
However, with the growing popularity of lithium batteries, the risks also increase. Transporting brand new batteries within products is relatively safe, although still regulated. However, transporting used or damaged batteries for repair, recycling, or disposal presents significant hazards. Furthermore, continued market growth, especially with the increase in electric vehicle sales, has prompted regulators to tighten rules to mitigate these risks.
UN3480 Regulations: Stricter Rules for Lithium Battery Transport
Due to the increasing use of lithium batteries and the associated risks, transportation regulations have become more stringent. A primary concern during transportation is the potential for batteries to short-circuit, which can lead to catastrophic events. Therefore, updated regulations primarily focus on packaging and transport procedures to *minimize* risks.
Here is a high-level overview of the requirements:
- Packaging that prevents batteries from contacting each other.
- Packaging that prevents batteries from coming into contact with conductive or metallic surfaces.
- Secure packaging to prevent battery movement during transport, reducing the risk of terminal cap loosening or accidental activation.
UN3480, UN3481, UN3090, and UN3091 Classifications
Lithium batteries are classified as Class 9 hazardous materials, also known as “Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods.” The following four specific legislations cover the transport of lithium batteries:
- UN3090: Lithium metal batteries (shipped separately).
- UN3480: Lithium-ion batteries (shipped separately).
- UN3091: Lithium metal/ion batteries contained in or packed with equipment.
- UN3481: Lithium metal/ion batteries contained in or packed with equipment.
To comply with UN3480 regulations for packaging and transport, specific packaging solutions, such as a Zarges K470 case with appropriate protective liners, can be used to ensure safety.
Labeling Requirements
Packages containing lithium batteries require proper labeling. This helps ensure that those handling the packages are aware of the potential hazards and follow appropriate safety measures. Correct labeling is therefore essential for regulatory compliance.
Lithium Battery Transportation
The transportation of lithium batteries involves specific regulations that vary depending on several key factors. These factors include:
- Whether the batteries are installed in the equipment being transported (e.g., watches, calculators, or laptops).
- Whether the batteries are packed with the equipment being transported (e.g., power tools containing spare batteries).
- Whether they are shipped as a limited quantity, which is the lowest level of dangerous goods transport.
- Whether the batteries are transported in extremely small quantities and are therefore exempt from dangerous goods regulations (e.g., two batteries installed in equipment).
More details about these regulations can be found in the downloadable guide.
Technical Information
The transport of dangerous goods, including lithium batteries, must be handled by trained professionals. Alternatively, transport can be managed by qualified companies or experts.
For further technical guidance, relevant regulations from organizations such as the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) must be adhered to. These regulations outline the necessary compliance requirements for each mode of transport.
General Rules and UN3480/UN3481 Regulations
The transport of lithium-ion batteries must comply with the following regulations:
- UN-No: 3480 (UN3480) or 3481 – Lithium-ion batteries, and lithium-ion batteries packed with equipment or installed in equipment, respectively.
- The batteries transported must meet the tests specified in Section 38.3 of the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria.
- The battery manufacturing facility must have a quality certification program in place, and this proof must be provided at the request of the competent authority.
ADR/RID Requirements (Road Transport)
For road transport, the following rules apply:
- Class: 9
- Packing Group: II
- Tunnel Category: E
- ADR Label: 9
- Proper Shipping Name: Lithium-ion batteries, UN 3480
- Relevant ADR Special Provisions: 188, 230, 310, 636
- Packaging Provisions: P903, P903a, P903b
Damaged or defective batteries must be reported to the relevant national competent authority.
IMO Requirements (Sea Transport)
For sea transport, the transport requirements are as follows:
- Class: 9, Packing Group II
- IMO Label: 9
- Proper Shipping Name: Lithium-ion batteries, UN 3480
- Relevant IMDG Special Provisions: 188, 230, 310
- Packaging Instructions: P903
- EmS: F-A, S-I
- Stowage Category: A
Damaged or defective batteries should be reported to the relevant national competent authority.
IATA-DGR Requirements (Air Transport)
For air transport, the following rules must be observed:
- Class: Packing Group II
- IATA Label: 9
- Proper Shipping Name: Lithium-ion batteries, UN 3480
- Relevant IATA Special Provisions: A88, A99, A154, A164
- Packaging Instructions: P965, P966, P967, P968, P969, P970
- Damaged, defective, or end-of-life batteries are not permitted for air transport.
Refer to the official documentation of IATA for further guidance on the transport of lithium batteries.
Further Guidance on Battery Transport Methods
While the technical regulations above provide a legal framework for lithium-ion battery transport, they can be complex for those unfamiliar with these standards. The following sections simplify the requirements for transporting lithium batteries via different modes of transport.
Regulations and Requirements for the Transportation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
When transporting lithium-ion batteries by road within Europe, the ADR 2017 guidelines must be followed. These regulations are part of the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR), which governs the transportation of lithium batteries and other dangerous goods by road.
Road Transportation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
The ADR 2017 regulations specifically cover the transportation of lithium-ion batteries by road within Europe. Adhering to these guidelines is crucial to ensure safe and compliant transport.
Rail Transportation of Lithium Batteries
Transporting lithium batteries by train follows different regulations detailed in the Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID), or simply RID (Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail). These regulations work in conjunction with the ADR road transport guidelines and require similar packaging, procedures, and safeguards to ensure safe transport.
Sea Transportation of Lithium Batteries
When shipping lithium batteries by sea, the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code governs the process. The IMDG code is updated approximately every two years, with the 2018 edition (Amendment 38-16) being the most current version. To understand the IMDG regulations, you must purchase the code from the International Maritime Organization or consult with a packaging supplier familiar with these requirements.
Shipping Lithium Batteries by Mail/Courier
Regulatory requirements still apply, even when shipping small quantities of lithium batteries via mail or courier. While individual courier companies may have specific rules, the main guidelines generally include:
- No more than 4 cells or 2 batteries per package (if contained in equipment).
- The total net weight of cells or batteries in each package must not exceed 5 kg.
- Cells must not exceed 20Wh, and batteries must not exceed 100Wh.
- Each battery and cell must meet the requirements of ADR regulations by passing the tests outlined in the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, section 38.3.
- Defective batteries are prohibited from transport.
- Batteries must be securely packed in non-conductive packaging to prevent short circuits.
- Equipment containing batteries must be placed in durable, strong packaging that is resistant to damage during transport, and the contents must be secured to prevent movement.
- The sender’s name and return address should be clearly displayed on the outer packaging.
Air Transportation of Lithium Batteries
Air transportation of lithium-ion batteries is the most complex and heavily regulated mode of transport due to the high risks involved, particularly the potential for fire. Past aircraft accidents caused by battery damage have led to strict regulations. To ship lithium batteries by air, you must comply with the Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) set by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Responsibility: Who is Responsible for Safe Transportation?
As the shipper of lithium batteries, your company or business is fully responsible for ensuring that the shipment complies with all regulations. You will be held legally liable for any accidents or issues arising from improper transportation or failure to comply with UN3480, which is the UN number for lithium-ion batteries, and other regulatory requirements. This is why choosing the correct packaging and working with a trusted packaging supplier is crucial to ensure the safe and compliant transport of lithium-ion batteries.
At Keheng, we understand the importance of complying with these regulations and offer guidance to ensure your shipments meet all necessary standards. For a comprehensive understanding of how to charge and maintain lithium batteries, see our related lithium battery charging guide.
Why UN3480 / UN3090 Lithium Battery Transportation Regulations Matter
When transporting lithium batteries, it is crucial to adhere to the correct packaging regulations. Failure to use compliant packaging, such as packaging that adheres to UN3480 standards, can have serious repercussions for your business. These consequences can include hefty fines, the risk of imprisonment for those involved, and significant reputational damage in the event of an accident.
The Importance of Compliance
To ensure the safety and compliance of lithium battery transportation, using the correct packaging is essential. Koherent’s custom-made aluminum cases can undergo the necessary testing to ensure they meet all relevant regulations. This gives you peace of mind, knowing that your shipments are fully compliant with safety standards.
These specially designed cases provide robust protection for lithium batteries during transport, minimizing the risk of accidents and ensuring safe delivery. By investing in properly tested and regulated cases, you can avoid the financial and legal risks associated with non-compliance.
In Conclusion: The Key Role of UN3480 / UN3090 Regulations
Understanding the importance of using UN3480 compliant packaging when transporting lithium batteries is crucial. Ignoring these regulations can lead to significant legal and financial ramifications. In some instances, this negligence can even result in fatal accidents. For the safety of your business, it is imperative to ensure your shipments comply with the necessary packaging regulations.
For those looking to source custom aluminum battery cases, Koherent is available to offer expert advice and tailored solutions to meet your needs.
Important Disclaimer
The information provided herein is for general guidance only. Koherent is not liable for any consequences arising from the use of this information. It is your responsibility or that of your business to ensure that any products you transport comply with the regulations relevant to your specific circumstances. If you are unsure, it is always recommended to consult with your shipping provider or the appropriate regulatory body for clarification.
